Define Abstract Data Type (ADT).
Abstract data type is a collection of value definitions and the operations on those values.
- Value definitions
- Operator definitions
Define a sequence.
A sequence is an ordered set of elements.
S=<s0,s1,s2…….sn-1>
Write short notes on structures in C.
A basic data structure in C is called as the structure. A Structure is a group of items in which each item is identified by its own identifier.
Example:
struct nametype
{
char first[10];
int roll;
}sname, ename;
What is the difference between a structure and union in C.
- Same memory is used for all the members of union. At any time only one member can be accessed.
- Individual memory is used for structure members.
Define a Stack.
A stack is an ordered collection of items into which new items may be inserted and from which items may be deleted at one end called the top of the stack.
It is also called as Last In First Out (LIFO).
What are the primitive operations that are performed on a Stack?
The primitive operations are
Push- inserting an element at the top of the stack
Push(s,i);
Pop – removing an element at the top of the stack
i=pop(s);
How do you implement the Stack definition in C. Use array implementation?
#define STACKSIZE
struct stack
{
int top;
int items[STACKSIZE];
};
Write the steps for implementing the pop operation.
- If the stack is empty, print a warning message and halt execution
- Remove the top element from the stack.
- Return this element to the calling program
What is recursive definition?
An object in terms of simpler case of itself is called recursive definition.
Examples:
· To find the factorial of a given number
· To print the Fibonacci series.
Define a queue.
A queue is a ordered collection of items from which itesm may be deleted at one end (called the front of the queue) and into which items may be inserted at the other end (called the rear of the queue). It is also called as First in First out (FIFO).
How the queue is represented in C?
#define MAXQUEUE 100
struct queue
{
int items[MAXQUEUE];
int front, rear;
}q;
Define priority queue. What are the types of Priority queue?
The priority queue is a data structure in which the intrinsic ordering of the elements does determine the results. There are two types
· ascending priority queue
is a collection of items into which items can be inserted arbitrarily and from which only the smallest item can be removed.
· descending priority queue
What is the purpose of header node?
Sometimes it is desirable to keep an extra node at the front of the list. Such a node does not represent an item in the list and is called the header node or a list header.
How to create and delete a dynamic variable in C?
malloc() is a function helpful for creating a dynamic variable.
free() is a function helpful for deleting a dynamic variable.
How to create a node of a singly linked list using dynamic variables?
struct node
{
int info;
struct node *next;
};
typedef struct node *NODEPTR;
16. How to create a node of a Doubly linked list using dynamic variables?
struct node
{
int info;
struct node *next, *previous;
};
typedef struct node *NODEPTR;
17. Define a binary tree.
A binary tree is a finite set of elements that is either empty or is partitioned into three disjoint subsets. One subset is the left and one subset of the right and the third subset is the root of the tree.
18. What is a strictly binary tree?
If every non leaf node in a binary tree has nonempty left and right subtrees, the tree is named as the strictly binary tree.
19. Define traversal in tree and what is the different type of traversals in tree?
To pass through the tree, enumerating each of its nodes once.
Three types of traversals
- preorder traversal
- visit the root
- Traverse the left subtree in preorder.
- Traverse the right subtree in preorder
- inorder traversal
- Traverse the left subtree in preorder.
- visit the root
- Traverse the right subtree in preorder
- postorder traversal
- Traverse the left subtree in preorder.
- Traverse the right subtree in preorder
- visit the root
20. How the binary tree node is represented dynamically?
struct nodetype
{
int info;
struct nodetype *left;
struct nodetype *right;
};
21. What are called leaf nodes?
The nodes which don’t have any sons are called as leaf nodes.
22. What are called internal and external nodes?
The leaf nodes are called as external nodes and the non leaf nodes are called as internal nodes.
23. Define O notation.
To capture the concept of one function becoming proportional to another as it grows, a notation is which is called as O notation.
24. Define a graph.
A graph consists of a set of nodes (or vertices) and set of arcs (or edges).
25. Define weighted graph.
A number is associated with each arc of a graph is called a weighted graph. The number associated with the arc is called the weight.
26. Define minimum spanning tree.
Given a connected weighted graph G, it is often desired to create a spanning tree T for G such that the sum of the weights of the tree edges in T is as small as possible. Such a tree is called minimum spanning tree.
27. Define Depth First Traversal.
Visits the successors of a visited node before visiting any of its brothers.
In DFT, each visited node is placed in the stack
28. Define Breadth First Traversal.
Visits all successors of a visited node before visiting any successors of any of those successors.
In BFT, each visited node is placed on the queue.
29. What are called Dynamic data structures?
Structures which grow or shrink as the data they hold changes.
Example: Lists
30. Define Binary Search.
A technique for searching an ordered list in which we first check the middle item and - based on that comparison - "discard" half the data. The same procedure is then applied to the remaining half until a match is found or there are no more items left.
31. What are the advantages of linked lists?
· Overflow can never occur unless the memory is actually full.
· Insertions and deletions are easier than for contiguous (array) lists.
· With large records, moving pointers is easier and faster than moving the items th
emselves.
32. What are the disadvantages of linked lists?
· The pointers require extra space.
· Linked lists do not allow random access.
· Time must be spent traversing and changing the pointers.
· Programming is typically trickier with pointers.
33. Define Binary Search Trees.
A binary search tree is a binary tree where each node contains a key such that:
· All keys in the left subtree lesser than the key in the root.
· All keys in the right subtree greater the key in the root.
· The left and right subtrees of the root are again binary search trees.
34. What is the difference Data types vs. Data Structures?
· A data type is a well-defined collection of data with a well-defined set of operations on it.
· A data structure is an actual implementation of a particular abstract data type.
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